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From Wharton to McClure's to Appleton to Macmillan: Journey of "Summer" from Manuscript to Print

Comparative Chart by Category: Spelling Conventions

     The First American Edition of Summer (FAE) is closer to the serialized edition of Summer in McClure’s Magazine (MME). However, the biggest difference between the FAE and the MME is their use of spelling convention. While the FAE follows Wharton’s preferred convention that includes a combination of British and American spellings––for example, “vapour” (British) and “civilization” (American), the McClure’s Magazine Americanized, or in Wharton’s words, “Websterized” most of the British spellings used by Wharton––particularly, the ones with "our" and "ll"––for example, “vapor” (in MME) for “vapour” (in MSS, FAE, and FBE) or “traveled” (in MME) for “travelled” (in MSS, FAE, and FBE). One of the exceptions to this rule occurs toward the end of the novel, on page 56 in the July 1917 issue of McClure’s Magazine, where the British Spelling of “Saviour” is retained––“O Lord most mighty, O holy and merciful Saviour . . .” (same in all three editions: MME, FAE, and FBE). Even though Wharton was very particular about the stylistic and linguistic conventions of her novels, she did not pay attention to the changes made to the serialized edition of Summer. The following letter, that Wharton wrote to Richard Watson Gilder, sums up her attitude towards spelling conventions. Wharton writes, 

There is one thing which I must stipulate; & that is that, in the publication of the book, what I consider the rules of English spelling shall be respected. In the magazine I suppose one must submit to being Websterized; but I can’t stand the thought of being made to say clew & theater permanently, . . .  (Wharton qtd. in “An Appreciative” 46)

     As we move from the FAE to the FBE, we can see a shift in spelling conventions since all the spellings used in the FBE precisely follow British spelling conventions. Some of the examples are highlighted in the following chart:
 
British Spell Conv in the FBEThe First American Edition
 		The First British Edition
British spelling often doubles the consonant in superlative form. . . life’s cruelest discovery . . . (44). . . life’s cruellest discovery . . . (22)
British spelling hyphenates “To-day,” “To-morrow,” “To-night,” etc.  “. . . have that key tonight.”  (29)“. . . have that key to-night.”  (14)
British spelling hyphenates the compound words. . . lace and a steel crochet hook . . . (14). . . lace and a steel crochet-hook . . . (6)
British spelling uses “S” for directional suffix. . . that was afterward to be hers. (24). . . that was afterwards to be hers. (12)
British spelling uses “S” in place of “Z” . . . troop had recognized her . . . (146). . . troop had recognised her . . . (75)


 Comparative Chart: Spelling Conventions

 
No.Chapter
&
Criteria		Summer,
First American Edition (FAE) 		Summer,
First American Edition
with Wharton’s corrections (EWPFAE)
 		Summer,
First British Edition
(FBE)
 
  1.  
Ch 1
Spell Conv
 		The springlike transparent sky shed a rain of silver sunshine . . . (7)
 		 The spring-like transparent sky shed a rain of silver sunshine . . . (3)
  1.  
Ch 1
Spell Conv		. . . had been piled into a farm-waggon, driven . . . (9)
 		 . . . had been piled into a farm-wagon, driven . . . (4)
  1.  
Ch 1
Spell Conv		 . . . blessings of the most refined civilization. (11)
 		 . . . blessings of the most refined civilisation. (5)
  1.  
Ch 1
Spell Conv
 		 . . lace and a steel crochet hook . . . (14) . . lace and a steel crochet-hook . . . (6)
  1.  
Ch 2
Spell Conv
 		Today the sense of well-being . . . (21) To-day the sense of well-being . . . (10)
  1.  
Ch 2
Spell Conv
 		. . . his shortsighted eyes, . . . (22) . . . his short-sighted eyes, . . . (11)
  1.  
Ch 2
Spell Conv		. . . of the shortsighted, his smile . . . (22)
 		 . . . of the short-sighted, his smile . . . (11)
  1.  
Ch 2
Spell Conv		. . . that was afterward to be hers. (24)
 		 . . . that was afterwards to be hers. (12)
  1.  
Ch 2
Spell Conv		. . . on the worn oilcloth . . . (28)
 		 . . . on the worn oil-cloth . . . (14)
  1.  
Ch 2
Spell Conv		“. . . have that key tonight.”  (29)
 		 “. . . have that key to-night.”  (14)
  1.  
Ch 2
Spell Conv		. . . stairs, and toward the kitchen . . . (29) . . . stairs, and towards the kitchen . . . (14)
  1.  
Ch 2
Spell Conv		. . . the selectmen of north dormer . . . (31)
 		 . . . the select-men of north dormer . . . (16)
  1.  
Ch 2
Spell Conv		. . . and the selectmen to take . . . (33)
 		 . . . and the select-men to take . . .  (16)
  1.  
Ch 3
Spell Conv
 		. . . two to the town-clerk, who sat . . . (36) . . . two to the town clerk, who sat . . . (18)
  1.  
Ch 3
Spell Conv		. . . two selectmen leaning . . . (36)
 		 . . . two select-men leaning . . . (18)
  1.  
Ch 3
Spell Conv
 		. . . her own defense than . . . (38) . . . her own defence than . . . (19)
  1.  
Ch 3
Spell Conv
 		. . . life’s cruelest discovery . . . (44) . . . life’s cruellest discovery . . . (22)
  1.  
Ch 4
Spell Conv
 		. . . I know the by-laws . . . (46) . . . I know the bye-laws . . . (23)
  1.  
Ch 4
Spell Conv
 		. . . this time tomorrow. (46) . . . this time to-morrow. (23)
  1.  
Ch 4
Spell Conv
 		. . . to have some one to help . . . (49) . . . to have someone to help . . . (24)
  1.  
Ch 4
Spell Conv
 		. . . wait till tomorrow . . . (52) . . . wait till to-morrow . . . (26)
  1.  
Ch 5
Spell Conv
 		. . . on countless spruce-branches . . . (54)
 		 . . . on countless spruce branches . . . (27)
  1.  
Ch 5
Spell Conv
 		But today she . . . (56) But to-day she . . . (28)
  1.  
Ch 5
Spell Conv
 		. . . below the cheekbones and the . . . (56)
 		 . . . below the cheek-bones and the . . . (28)
  1.  
Ch 5
Spell Conv
 		“. . . take me tomorrow?” (67) “. . . take me to-morrow?” (34)
  1.  
Ch 6
Spell Conv
 		had anyone of Lucius . . . (68) had any one of Lucius . . . (35)
  1.  
Ch 6
Spell Conv
 		. . . young man symbolized all his . . . (68)
 		 . . . young man symbolised all his . . . (35)
  1.  
Ch 6
Spell Conv
 		. . . but tonight it had . . . (70) . . . but to-night it had . . . (36)
  1.  
Ch 6
Spell Conv
 		. . . the selectmen look . . . (71) . . . the select-men look . . . (36)
  1.  
Ch 6
Spell Conv
 		. . . than any one she had known; (76) . . . than anyone she had known; (39)
  1.  
Ch 6
Spell Conv
 		. . . than usual today . . . (78) . . . than usual to-day . . . (40)
  1.  
Ch 6
Spell Error
Spell Conv
 		. . . into the beach-woods . . . (79). . . into the beech-woods . . . (79). . . into the beechwoods . . . (40)
  1.  
Ch 6
Spell Conv
(Also, Word Change)

 		. . . of which bumblebees darted. (79) . . . of which humble-bees darted. (40-41)
  1.  
Ch 7
Spell Conv
 		. . . The ginger-bread-coloured Baptist chapel . . . (92)
 		 . . . The gingerbread-coloured Baptist chapel . . . (47)
  1.  
Ch 7
Spell Conv
 		. . . helped her to visualize . . . (96) . . . helped her to visualise . . . (50)
  1.  
Ch 8
Spell Conv
 		. . . his one offense he had . . . (110) . . . his one offence he had . . . (57)
  1.  
Ch 8 
Spell Conv
 		. . . instinct of self-defense awoke . . . (111)
 		 . . . instinct of self-defence awoke . . . (58)
  1.  
Ch 9
Spell Conv
 		. . . I recognized it . . . (125) . . . I recognised it . . . (64)
  1.  
Ch 9
Spell Conv
 		. . . the silvery luster preceding a hot . . . (126)
 		 . . . the silvery lustre preceding a hot . . . (65)
  1.  
Ch 9
Spell Error
Or Spell Conv (?)
 		. . . into a waggonette streaming with . . . (132) . . . into a wagonette streaming with . . . (68)
  1.  
Ch 9
Spell Conv
 		. . . on drug-stores gushing from . . . (133)
 		 . . . on drugstores gushing from . . . (68)
  1.  
Ch 9
Spell Conv
 		. . . the lily of the valley was . . . (134) . . . the lily-of-the-valley was . . . (69)
  1.  
Ch 9
Spell Conv
 		. . . but pleasant looking, who . . . (137) . . . but pleasant-looking, who . . . (70)
  1.  
Ch 10
Spell Conv
 		. . . only eight seventy-five. (142) . . . only eight-seventy-five. (73)
  1.  
Ch 10
Spell Conv
 		. . . troop had recognized her . . . (146)
 		 . . . troop had recognised her . . . (75)
  1.  
Ch 11
Spell Conv
 		From under her pincushion she took the library key, . . . (159)
 		 From under her pin-cushion she took the library key, . . . (82)
  1.  
Ch 11
Spell Conv
 		. . . sun-bleached to a ghostly gray­­­––stood in an . . . (166)
 		 . . . sun-bleached to a ghostly grey­­­––stood in an . . . (86)
  1.  
Ch 12
Spell Conv
 		That form of sentimental decentralization was . . . (170)
 		 That form of sentimental decentralisation was . . . (88)
  1.  
Ch 12
Spell Conv
 		. . . usually carried her half-way back across the hall, leaving the girls to return to . . . (173)
 		 . . . usually carried her halfway back across the hall, leaving the girls to return to . . . (89)
  1.  
Ch 12
Spell Conv

 		She had nothing further to hear from Mr. Royall. (174) She had nothing farther to hear from Mr. Royall. (90)
  1.  
Ch 12
Spell Conv
 		. . . the little house turned gray and spectral . . . (183)
 		 . . . the little house turned grey and spectral . . . (94)
  1.  
Ch 12
Spell Conv
 		“. . . drive down to Creston to meet someone who has come . . .” (184)
 		 “. . . drive down to Creston to meet some one who has come . . .” (95)
  1.  
Ch 12
Spell Conv
 		. . . at the Town Hall tomorrow: I didn’t know till it . . . (184)
 		 . . . at the Town Hall to-morrow: I didn’t know till it . . . (95)
  1.  
Ch 12
Spell Conv
 		“Tomorrow I shall only see you from far off,” Harney continued. (185)
 		 “To-morrow I shall only see you from far off,” Harney continued. (95)
  1.  
Ch 12
Spell Conv
 		A late moon was rising, full orbed and fiery, turning the mountain ranges from fluid gray to a massive blackness, . . . (185-186)
 		 A late moon was rising, full-orbed and fiery, turning the mountain ranges from fluid grey to a massive blackness, . . . (96)
  1.  
Ch 13
Spell Conv
 		. . . or held forth to the selectmen about the stove . . . (193)
 		 . . . or held forth to the select-men about the stove . . . (99)
  1.  
Ch 13
Spell Conv
 		Today his inflections were richer . . . (193) To-day his inflections were richer . . . (99)
  1.  
Ch 13
Spell Conv
 		“. . . who have returned here today, to take . . .” (193)
 		 “. . . who have returned here to-day, to take . . .” (99)
  1.  
Ch 13
Spell Conv
 		. . . Mr. Miles saying to someone near him: . . . (195)
 		 . . . Mr. Miles saying to some one near him: . . . (101)
  1.  
Ch 13
Spell Conv
 		Someone came forward to replace the fallen branch, . . . (196)
 		 Some one came forward to replace the fallen branch, . . . (101)
  1.  
Ch 14
Spell Conv
 		. . . and everyone said afterward that something ought to have been done . . . (201)
 		 . . . and every one said afterward that something ought to have been done . . .  (104)
  1.  
Ch 14
Spell Conv
 		Purple asters and red-maple-leaves filled the jar on the table; . . . (204)
 		 Purple asters and red maple-leaves filled the jar on the table; . . . (106)
  1.  
Ch 14
Spell Conv
 		“Is this your house?” he inquired. (206) “Is this your home?” he enquired. (107)
  1.  
Ch 14
Spell Conv
 		I believe she considers herself free to some and go as she pleases, without any questions from anyone. (207)
 		 I believe she considers herself free to some and go as she pleases, without any questions from any one. (107)
  1.  
Ch 14
Spell Conv
 		. . . took down a tin candle-stick and lite the candle; (210) . . . took down a tin candlestick and lite the candle; (109)
 
  1.  
Ch 14
Spell Conv
 		. . . against the empty window-frame and put the candle on the table. (210) . . . against the empty window frame and put the candle on the table. (109)
 
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		. . . and in reply she sent him a coloured post-card of Creston Falls, . . . (214)
 		 . . . and in reply she sent him a coloured postcard of Creston Falls, . . . (112)
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		. . . Charity inquired with an inner start of apprehension. (216)
 		 . . . Charity enquired with an inner start of apprehension. (113)
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		. . . imagine what a civilized person would have . . . (221)
 		 . . . imagine what a civilised person would have . . . (115)
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		She recognized the staring signs . . . (223) She recognised the staring signs . . . (117)
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		Dr. Merkle gave a short laugh which did not show her teeth, and inquired with concision . . . (226)
 		 Dr. Merkle gave a short laugh which did not show her teeth, and enquired with concision . . . (118)
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		“Oh, thank you––good-night,” she called out . . . (228)
 		 “Oh, thank you––good night,” she called out . . . (119)
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		. . . there is a hope of realizing what we dreamed . . . (229)
 		 . . . there is a hope of realising what we dreamed . . . (120)
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		. . . to rummage in her drawer for a sheet of letter paper. (231)
 		 . . . to rummage in her drawer for a sheet of letter-paper. (121)
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		. . . came toward her with outstretched hands. (232)
 		 . . . came towards her with outstretched hands. (232)
  1.  
Ch 15
Spell Conv
 		. . . she knew that the candle light flickering up on her white face must be distorting her swollen features . . . (233)
 		 . . . she knew that the candlelight flickering up on her white face, must be distorting her swollen features . . . (122)
  1.  
Ch 16
Spell Conv
 		. . . and the silver-gray roof slanting crookedly through the laden branches, . . . (238)
 		 . . . and the silver-grey roof slanting crookedly through the laden branches, . . . (124)
  1.  
Ch 16
Spell Conv
 		. . . when someone was dying. (242) . . . when some one was dying. (126)
  1.  
Ch 16
Spell Conv
 		“Mary’s over there,” someone said; (248) “Mary’s over there,” some one said; (129)
  1.  
Ch 16
Spell Conv
 		She was healthier and robuster looking than the others, . . . (249)
 		 She was healthier and robuster-looking than the others, . . . (130)
  1.  
Ch 16
Spell Conv
 		. . . on a ridge of upheaved earth over which they . . . (254)
 		 . . . on a ridge of up-heaved earth over which they . . . (133)
  1.  
Ch 16
Spell Conv
 		Someone bent over and pulled out . . . (254-255)
 		 Some one bent over and pulled out . . . (133)
  1.  
Ch 16
Spell Conv
 		. . . his shoulder blades still heaving with the effort. (255)
 		 . . . his shoulder-blades still heaving with the effort. (255)
  1.  
Ch 17
Spell Conv		. . . girl who had apostrophized her in such strange words. (259)
 		 . . . girl who had apostrophised her in such strange words. (137)
  1.  
Ch 17
Spell Conv		. . . have divided her forever from her short dream of bliss. (264)
 		 . . . have divided her for ever from her short dream of bliss. (139)
  1.  
Ch 17
Spell Conv
 		. . . after a moment she recognized the heavy bulk of the man who held the reins. (265)
 		 . . . after a moment she recognised the heavy bulk of the man who held the reins. (139)
  1.  
Ch 17
Spell Conv
 		. . . the relief of feeling that someone was near her . . . (265)
 		 . . . the relief of feeling that some one was near her . . . (140)
  1.  
Ch 18
Spell Conv		. . . she was the being who had lived them; she was someone . . . (274)
 		 . . . she was the being who had lived them: she was some one . . .  (144)
  1.  
Ch 18
Spell Conv		. . . as of someone hateful and obstructive, but whom she could . . . (275)
 		 . . . as of some one hateful and obstructive, but whom she could . . . (145)
  1.  
Ch 18
Spell Conv

 		It lay enclosed in his strong palm and she felt a ring that was too big for her being slipped on her thin finger. (278)

 		It lay enclosed in his strong palm, and she felt a ring that was too big for her being slipped onto her thin finger. (278)It lay enclosed in his strong palm, and she felt a ring that was too big for her being slipped on to her thin finger. (147)
  1.  
Ch 18
Spell Conv
 		. . . the first time to a realization of what she had done. (280)
 		 . . . the first time to a realisation of what she had done. (147)
  1.  
Ch 18
Spell Conv
 		A faint sound had told her that someone was in the room; (283) A faint sound had told her that some one was in the room; (149)

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